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Upshot-Knothole ''Grable'' was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the United States as part of Operation Upshot-Knothole. Detonation of the associated nuclear weapon occurred 19 seconds after its deployment at 8:30am PDT (1530 UTC) on May 25, 1953, in Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site. The codename ''Grable'' was chosen because the letter ''Grable'' is phonetic for G, as in "gun", since the warhead was a gun-type fission weapon. As a shell, or artillery-fired atomic projectile (AFAP), the device was the first of its kind. The test remains the only nuclear artillery shell ever actually fired in the U.S. nuclear weapons test program. ''Grable'' was the second of only four gun-type warheads ever detonated (the first was Little Boy, the weapon used against Hiroshima, the last two were test firings of the W33; all other atomic weapons were implosion-type weapons). The shell, designated a Mark 9 nuclear weapon, had a diameter of 280 mm (11.02 in), was 138 cm (54.4 in) long and weighed 364 kg (803 lb). The M65 Atomic Cannon from which it was fired had a muzzle velocity of 625 m/s (2,060 ft/s), for a nominal range of , and weighed 77 metric tons (85 t). The detonation of ''Grable'' occurred 19 seconds after its firing.〔("Operation Upshot-Knothole." ) Department of Energy, 1953.〕 It detonated over 11,000 yards (over 10 km, 6.25 mi) away from the gun it was fired from, over a part of the Nevada Test Site known as Frenchman Flat. The explosion was an air burst of 160 m (524 ft) above the ground (7 m (24 ft) above its designated burst altitude), 26 m (87 ft) west and 41 m (136 ft) south of its target (slightly uprange). Its yield was estimated at 15 kilotons, around the same level as Little Boy. An anomalous feature of the blast was the formation of a precursor, a second shock front ahead of the incident wave. This precursor was formed when the shock wave reflected off the ground and surpassed the incident wave and Mach stem due to a heated ground air layer and the low burst height.〔 It resulted in a lower overpressure, but higher overall dynamic pressure, which inflicted much more damage on drag sensitive targets such as jeeps and personnel carriers. This led strategists to rethink the importance of low air bursts in tactical nuclear warfare.〔Kuran, Pete. Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie. Visual Concept Entertainment, 1995.〕 Some images from Upshot-Knothole ''Grable'' were accidentally relabeled as belonging to the ''Priscilla'' shot from Operation Plumbbob in 1957. As a consequence many publications including official government documents have the photo mislabeled.〔Carey Sublette, "Operation Plumbbob," Nuclear Weapon Archive, (http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Plumbob.html ). (accessed December 27, 2006).〕 Admiral Arthur W. Radford, at the time the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson were present for the test. ==Footnotes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Upshot-Knothole Grable」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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